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1.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 38(3): 155-163, jul.-sep. 2006. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-634526

ABSTRACT

Se estudiaron 1193 aislamientos clínicos para estandarizar y evaluar un método de difusión con discos de fluconazol de lectura visual, que permita detectar levaduras sensibles al antifúngico. Las especies analizadas fueron: Candida albicans (n=584), Candida parapsilosis (n=196), Candida tropicalis (n=200), Candida glabrata (n=113), Candida krusei (n=50), Candida spp. y otras levaduras oportunistas (n=50). Los discos fueron manufacturados en el INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán". Se midieron los halos de inhibición del crecimiento producidos por fluconazol y la concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) por el método de referencia M27-A2 modificado por EUCAST. Se establecieron los valores de corte del método de difusión en: ≥16 mm para levaduras sensibles a fluconazol (CIM ≤ 8 µg/ml), entre 9 y 15 mm para sensibles dependientes de la dosis (CIM = 16-32 mg/ml) y ≤ 8 mm para resistentes (CIM ≥ 64 µg/ml). El método de difusión tuvo 94,7% de concordancia con el de referencia, con 0,2% de errores very major y 0,3% de errores major. La reproducibilidad inter e intralaboratorio fue muy buena. Para detectar aislamientos sensibles a fluconazol, este método resulta confiable y de bajo costo; sin embargo, es conveniente que los aislamientos con halos ≤ 15 mm sean reevaluados por el método de referencia.


In order to standardize and evaluate a disk diffusion method with visual reading to detect in vitro fluconazole susceptibility of yeast, 1193 clinical isolates were tested. These included 584 Candida albicans, 196 Candida parapsilosis, 200 Candida tropicalis, 113 Candida glabrata, 50 Candida krusei and 50 Candida spp. and other opportunistic yeasts. The disks were manufactured in the INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán". The disk diffusion method results were compared to MIC results obtained by the reference CLSI M27-A2 broth microdilution method modified by EUCAST. The interpretative breakpoints for in vitro susceptibility testing of fluconazole were established at: zone diameter ≥ 16 mm for MIC ≤ 8 µg/ml (susceptible isolates), between 9 and 15 mm for MIC = 16-32 mg/ml (susceptible dose-dependent isolates), and ≤ 8 mm for MIC ≥ 64 µg/ml (resistant isolates). Overall agreement between the two methods was 94.7%, with 0.2% very major errors, and 0.3% major errors. Inter - and intralaboratory agreement was good. The disk diffusion method for drug susceptibility testing of Candida spp. isolates is inexpensive, reliable and reproducible. However, when the inhibition zone diameter is ≤ 15 mm, it is advisable to test the isolate by the reference microdilution method.


Subject(s)
Humans , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Candida/drug effects , Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests , Fluconazole/pharmacology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Candida/isolation & purification , Prospective Studies
2.
Acta gastroenterol. latinoam ; 35(4): 211-218, 2005. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-482212

ABSTRACT

Oesophageal candidiasis is an epithelial infection which requires an immune deficiency. C. albicans is commonly the cause, although other species may also be responsible. Resistance to fluconazole, drug of choice for treatment, is an emerging problem. The objectives of the current paper were: to determine the frequency of oesophageal candidiasis in patients submitted to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, analyze risk factors, identify Candida species and determine in vitro susceptibility to fluconazole. During 12 months, 34 patients with oesophageal candidiasis were detected. Out of 1.230 HIV negative and 91 HIV positive patients submitted to upper endoscopy, 11 (0.9%) and 23 (25.3%), respectively, had candidiasis. Risk factors for HIV negative patients were systemic antibiotic therapy in 2, deficient dental cleaning in 2 aged patients, use of proton pump inhibitors in 3, inhaled steroids in 2, malignancy in 1 and oral steroids in 1. The histopathologic diagnosis was confirmed in 48.6% of cases. Cultures were positive in 91.2% C. albicans was prevalent (93.5%), and was associated to other species in 5 cases (16.1%), (3 C. glabrata, 1 C. tropicalis and 1 C. parapsilosis). One case cultured only C. glabrata and 1, only C tropicalis. Out of 31 cultures, 25 were susceptible to fluconazole, 4 dose dependent (1 C. albicans, 3 C. glabrata), and 2 resistant (1 C. albicans, 1 C. glabrata). Frequency of oesophageal candidiasis was low, except for HIV positive patients. The most common etiologic agent was C. albicans, though other Candida species were also found. C. albicans and C. glabrata showed dose dependency and resistance to fluconazole.


La candidiasis esofágica es una infección epitelial querequiere un defecto adicional inmunitario. Candida albicans es la especie más frecuente, aunque puedenencontrarse otras. Un problema emergente es la resistenciaal fluconazol, droga de elección para tratarla. Los objetivos fueron: determinar la frecuencia de candidiasisesofágica en pacientes sometidos a endoscopía, analizar los factores predisponentes, identificar las especiescausantes, y estudiar la sensibilidad in vitro al fluconazol. Durante 12 meses se realizaron 1.321 endoscopíasdonde se detectaron 34 pacientes con candidiasis esofágica. Se hicieron 1.230 endoscopías en pacientes HIV negativos y 91 en HIV positivos. Se diagnosticó candidiasis esofágica en 11 (0.9%) y 23(25.3%), respectivamente. En HIV negativos, fueron causas predisponentes: antibioticoterapia prolongada, prótesis dentarias sin higiene, uso prolongado de inhibidoresde la bomba de protones, secreción ácida, corticoides inhalatorios, malignidad y vasculitis bajo corticoterapia. La histopatología fue positiva en 48.6%. El cultivo se desarrolló en el 91.2%. C. albicans fue laespecie más frecuente (93.5%) y en 5 pacientes (16.1%) se la encontró asociada a C. glabrata (3) C. tropicalis (1) y C. parapsilosis (1). En un caso solo se cultivó C. glabrata y en otro C. tropicalis. De las 31 cepas, 25 fueron sensibles al fluconazol, 4 dosis dependientes (1 C. albicans, 3 C. glabrata), y 2 resistentes(1 C. albicans, 1 C. glabrata). En nuestro hospital, la frecuencia de candidiasis esofágica fue baja, excepto enHIV positivos. El principal agente etiológico fue C. alalbicans,aunque también se cultivaron otras especies. C. albicans y C. glabrata mostraron dosis dependencia yresistencia al fluconazol.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Candida/isolation & purification , Candidiasis/microbiology , Esophagitis/microbiology , Fluconazole/pharmacology , Candida/classification , Candida/drug effects , Candidiasis/diagnosis , Esophagitis/diagnosis , Esophagoscopy , Risk Factors , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/diagnosis , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/microbiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Severity of Illness Index
3.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 35(1): 49-53, ene.-mar. 2003.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-356649

ABSTRACT

Se evaluaron diferentes métodos para la identificación de rutina de levaduras de importancia médica. Se estudiaron 150 aislamientos provenientes de muestras clínicas: 25 C.albicans, 25 C.tropicales, 25 C.glabrata, 25 C.parapsilosis, 8 C.guiliermondii, 11 C.krusei y 31 Cryptococcus neoformans, con las tarjetas Yeast Biochemical Card bioMerieux Vitek (YBC), CHROMagar Candida (CHR) y la asociación de ambas técnicas con el Agar Morfología (AM). El método de referencia fue API 20C, formación de tubo germinativo, AM, agar urea Christensen y agar semilla girasol. YBC identificó 135 (90 por ciento) levaduras. La sensibilidad (S) y especificidad (E) fue: 92-98 por ciento para C.albicans y C.tropicalis; 84-99 por ciento para C.parapsilosis; 100-99 por ciento para C.glabrata; 91-100 por ciento para C.krusei; 63-98 por ciento para C.guilliermondii y 90-99 por ciento para Cryptococcus neoformans, respectivamente. CHR identificó correctamente el 100 por ciento de C.albicans, el 92 por ciento de C.tropicalis y el 91 por ciento de C.krusei. Ambos métodos combinados con AM alcanzan un 100 por ciento de S.y E. YBC fue apropiado para la identificación de levaduras aisladas de muestras clínicas. CHR fue efectivo y fácil de usar para la identificación de C.albicans, C.tropicalis y C.krusei. Se recomienda utilizar el AM con ambos métodos.


Subject(s)
Agar , Candida , Yeasts , Argentina
4.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 34(2): 100-103, abr.-jun. 2002.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-331798

ABSTRACT

The objective of this collaborative work carried out in the Fundación Favaloro and the Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia, was to determine optimal conditions for incubation (time and atmosphere) of quantitative cultures of catheters processed according to the technique of vortex agitation (Brun Buisson method). From 689 processed catheters, 551 yielded negative cultures. From the 138 positive cultures, 125 yielded monomicrobial cultures and 13 polimicrobial cultures (total number of microorganisms was 151). In the last situation each micoorganism was considered on an individual basis. A total of 58 episodes of catheter related bacteremias occurred, being 52 monomicrobial and 6 polimicrobial (total number of microorganisms was 64). When colony counts were compared in aerobic and in 5-10 CO2 atmospheres, a very good correlation was obtained (p = 0.27; r2 = 0.9268). No advantage was observed by incubating plates for more than 48 hours. Colony counts performed at the second versus the third day, and at the second day versus the seventh, gave very good correlation (p = 0.10 and r2 = 0.9996; p = 0.31 and r2 = 0.9995, respectively).


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Bacteria , Bacteriological Techniques , Candida albicans , Catheterization, Peripheral/instrumentation , Catheterization, Central Venous , Equipment Contamination , Aerobiosis , Anaerobiosis , Bacteremia , Candidiasis/etiology , Candidiasis/microbiology , Catheterization, Peripheral/adverse effects , Catheterization, Central Venous , Postoperative Complications/microbiology , Enterobacteriaceae , Fungemia , Hospitals, Pediatric , Cross Infection/etiology , Cross Infection/microbiology , Enterobacteriaceae Infections/etiology , Prospective Studies
5.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 33(3): 177-181, jul.-sept. 2001.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-332483

ABSTRACT

The value of blind terminal subcultures (7 and 30 days) and prolonged incubation (30 days) of blood cultures from immunosuppressed patients was analyzed in the Fundación Favaloro, the Fundación para la Lucha contra las Enfermedades Neurológicas de la Infancia and the Hospital de Niños Ricardo GutiÚrrez. A total of 2707 blood cultures and 369 patients were included (transplantation of solid organs 154, oncohematologic disorders 106 and solid tumors 109). Bact-Alert bottles were incubated at 35 degrees C for 30 days in the Bact-Alert System. Bottles with positive signals were routinely removed, and aliquots of the broth were Gram stained and subcultured aerobically in chocolate agar and Sabouraud agar. A total of 136 bacteremic episodes were obtained. The positivization time of blood cultures was 81.6 at 24 h, 93.3 at 48 h, 94.5 at 72 h and 97.7 within 7 days. Only 3 (2.2) episodes were positive by blind terminal subcultures and 1 (0.75) by prolonged incubation (14 days). The median time and range of positivization in hours were 13.8 and 2.2-168, respectively. The microorganisms isolated were coagulase negative staphylococci (n = 24), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 22), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 21), Escherichia coli (n = 18), Acinetobacter spp (n = 9), Candida spp (n = 8), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 6), Enterobacter cloacae (n = 5), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n = 5), Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella spp and Capnocytophaga sputigena (n = 2), Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecium, Citrobacter diversus, Candida albicans, Klebsiella oxytoca, Chryseomonas luteola, Serratia marcescens, Abiotrophia spp, Campylobacter jejuni, Moraxella catarrhalis, Moraxella urethralis, Neisseria sicca, beta hemolytic group G streptococci, Rhodococcus equi, Micrococcus spp, Cryptococcus neoformans and Streptococcus mitis (n = 1). In our experience, blind terminal subcultures and prolonged incubation of blood cultures from immunosuppressed patients are unnecessary and cost expensive.


Subject(s)
Humans , Bacteremia , Bacteria , Bacteriological Techniques , Blood , Immunocompromised Host , Bacteremia , Culture Media , Postoperative Complications/blood , Postoperative Complications/microbiology , Neoplasms , Single-Blind Method , Bacteriological Techniques/economics , Time Factors , Transplantation
6.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 59 Suppl 1: 8-16, 1999.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1165043

ABSTRACT

The in vitro activity of trovafloxacin (TRV) has been evaluated in comparison with that of other antimicrobial agents against 5671 clinical isolates recovered by representative institutions of different provinces in our country. The resistance percentage to gentamicin and third generation cephalosporins among enterobacteriaceae was high: 17


respectively, with a considerable variation according to the analyzed species. The resistance to ciprofloxacin (CIP) and TRV affected approximately 9


of the isolates, without significant differences between both drugs. Fluoroquinolones (FQ) presented excellent activity on 166 isolates of Salmonella spp., 208 of Shigella flexneri and 76 of Shigella sonnei, where only one S.sonnei isolate was resistant to CIP, but susceptible to TRV. About half the isolates of Salmonella spp. and S.sonnei and almost all S.flexneri isolates were resistant to ampicillin, and more than 60


of Shigella spp. isolates were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. A 41


of Staphylococcus aureus and 55


of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates were resistant to oxacillin, presenting a highly associated multi-resistance. The resistance to FQ was also strongly related to oxacillin resistance, but the resistance to TRV was significantly lower than the CIP resistance: 9


for S.aureus and 4


for coagulase-negative staphylococci. A similar behavior was observed with Enterococcus spp., where 54


of the isolates were resistant to norfloxacin and only 13


were resistant to TRV. Neither Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 193) nor Haemophilus influenzae (n = 139) isolates presented resistant to TRV.


Subject(s)
Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Multiple , Fluoroquinolones , Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Ofloxacin/pharmacology , Gram-Positive Bacteria/isolation & purification , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Naphthyridines/pharmacology
7.
Rev. argent. dermatol ; 79(2): 99-102, abr.-jun. 1998. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-224818

ABSTRACT

Paciente de 35 años, oriundo de Paraguay, con una masa palpable indolente en el hemiabdomen derecho, que fue extirpada con diagnóstico de seminoma. Además, presentaba una lesión ulcerosa en la región escápulovertebral izquierda, cuyo examen micológico directo y cultivo fueron compatibles con Paracoccidioides brasiliens. No se hallaron otras manifestaciones cutáneomucosas relevantes radiografía de torax normal. Desde el punto de vista dermatológico recibió itraconazol con evolución favorable de la lesión. Se interpretó como paracoccidioidomicosis crónica, clinicamente unifocal cutánea, asociada a seminoma clásico


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Paracoccidioidomycosis/diagnosis , Paracoccidioidomycosis/surgery , Paracoccidioidomycosis/therapy , Seminoma/diagnosis , Seminoma/surgery , Seminoma/therapy , Abdomen/pathology , Abdomen/surgery , Itraconazole/therapeutic use
8.
Infectol. microbiol. clin ; 4(4): 85-9, dic. 1992. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-165936

ABSTRACT

Se estudiaron algunas características epidemiológicas de 71 casos de criptococosis diagnosticados en 8 centros asistenciales de la ciudad de Buenos Aires y el Gran Buenos Aires, durante 1991. Los hospitales Muñiz y Fernández, comunicaron cerca del 85 por ciento de los casos. El 89 por ciento de los pacientes era de sexo masculino. Las causas predisponentes fueron SIDA (66 casos), transplante renal (2 casos), hepatopatía autoinmune tratada con corticoides, diabetes descompensada y embarazo/puerperio. La mediana de la edad fue de 27 años en la población total (rango 19-62), de 27 años en los casos asociados al SIDA (rango 19-50) y de 50 años en los no asociados a esa enfermedad (rango 24-62). El 56 por ciento de los pacientes se ubicó en el grupo etario de 20-29 años de edad. Una estimación indirecta permite suponer que el porcentaje de pacientes con SIDA que padecieron criptococosis durante 1991 en el área en estudio fue de 25,88 por ciento. El 100 por ciento de 32 casos de Cryptococcus neoformans aisladas de los pacientes fueron identificadas como variedad neoformans. La criptococosis aumenta año a año su incidencia en nuestro medio, paralelamente con su causa predisponente más importante, el SIDA. Su transformación potencial en un problema sanitario, debe alertar a la autoridades competentes


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology , Argentina/epidemiology , Cryptococcosis/epidemiology , Opportunistic Infections/epidemiology , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections/etiology , Causality , Cryptococcosis/complications , Cryptococcus neoformans/classification , Cryptococcus neoformans/isolation & purification , Multicenter Studies as Topic/statistics & numerical data , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/etiology , Proline , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications
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